Works Cited DiYanni, Robert and Hoy, Pat C. How Discrimination Affects Essays on prejudice Generally, the effect of…, essays on prejudice. People join these racist and religiously biased groups because they feel it will make their lives better, not caring about the others who will be affected by their hatred. It is also interesting to note that, on the whole, children of immigrant parents tend to perform better in school based on grade point averages that native born peers in the same school districts. racism and prejudice.
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Prejudice in the Workplace Prejudice and Discrimination in the Workplace Prejudice can be hurtful and destructive. This is true for those impacted directly, but also for the morale within an overall work environment. I witnessed this being carried out at a former employer during a summer job. A Hispanic teen was often given late night shifts that no one else wanted to work, essays on prejudice. There had been a couple of weekend evening robberies and it seemed that management was being prejudice in their decision to place the minority worker on the more problematic shift. In addition, essays on prejudice, I observed instances where this same worker was teased and mocked openly as well as behind his back about his accent.
English was not his native language and there were people in management and other co-workers who were totally inappropriate in their teasing of him as he tried to make meaning of some of the…. References Henneman, essays on prejudice, Todd. Katz, Mia. Pyrillis, Rita. And in Czechoslovakia. Ossman presents a number of explanations as to how people that are blatantly biased prejudged against others of different skin color show their feelings. a Stereotyping an "oversimplified" and unfair generalization; "Mexicans are lazy," for example ; b ethnophaulisms expressions that are demeaning, disparaging, essays on prejudice to hurt; meant to belittle ; c ethnic jokes clearly essays on prejudice as negative stereotyping ; d misogyny in rap music women are "bitches" Reducing prejudice is the goal of every fair-minded individual no matter what ethnicity he or she belongs….
Works Cited McIntosh, Peggy. Ossman, Jeremy. Understanding Race and Ethnic Relations, Chapter 4. In terms of explicit prejudice, the aftermath of the Holocaust essays on prejudice the subsequent development of psychological theories of prejudice demonstrate the importance of social pressure in deterring explicit prejudices. Explicit prejudice is essentially the blatant expression of implicit prejudices, because all explicit behaviors ultimately have their root in implicit attitudes and ideologies. By increasing social pressure against explicit examples of prejudice, it becomes easier to confront the implicit prejudices which underlie them, because these implicit prejudices are all that is left.
However, reducing the exhibition of implicit prejudices is far more complicated, because by definition they are frequently shielded from view, and only become visible upon close and careful examination for example essays on prejudice the assistance of the Implicit Association Test. Thus, the most important strategies for reducing implicit prejudices requires making those implicit prejudices explicit. For example, the Implicit Association Test can provide a starting point for individuals to acknowledge…. References Billig, M. Henri tajfel's 'cognitive aspects of prejudice' and psychology of bigotry. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 41, Nelson, T. Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.
Psychology Press: New York. Rudman, L. Measuring the automatic components of prejudice: Flexibility and generality of the implicit association test. Social Cognition, 17 4 Prejudice The Many Faces of Prejudice If I walk in to a essays on prejudice or browse online I will find hundreds, in fact thousands, of essays, books, articles, and speeches about prejudice. Obviously, most of them are predictably against prejudice. Begin reading any of them at random and chances are good that they will contain the phrases 'don't have prejudice towards people' or 'prejudice is a bad thing,' but what puzzles my mind is whether phrases like 'don't have prejudice against people' are enough to end prejudice. Does it convince people not to judge others and to treat everyone equally?
I think not. In order to understand what prejudice is, does a person have to experience racially- ethnically- religiously- or class-based unfairness and maltreatment first hand? Among the thousands of literary works that attempt to convince readers that prejudice is a bad thing there are a minority seemingly capable of convincing…. Works Cited DiYanni, Robert and Hoy, Pat C. Occasions for Writing: Evidence, Idea, Essay. Independence, KY: Cengage Learning, From the other side of the kitchen I observed my manager taking their orders. Another co-worker even started imitating the black customers by speaking in the type of slang they use and making the same kind of movements and gestures, essays on prejudice. I laughed at him because he was saying what I myself was thinking, essays on prejudice.
And at the time I was relieved that I myself did not have to deal with them because I was tired and not in the mood to deal with what I considered to be their harassing behavior. But since then I have realized that it was my job to wait on them even if I did not want to because of the awkwardness I would feel doing so. Essays on prejudice of these examples of prejudice included elements of what Ruchlis calls anti-locution and avoidance. And they both dealt with instances of groups. My group in the first story…. Prejudice in the Workplace In basic terms, prejudice is an opinion that does not have a factual basis. In that regard, the same could include notions and beliefs preconceived about people belonging to a particular race or social group.
Prejudice is defined by Daft, Kendrick and Vershininap. Indeed, as Masters and Wallacep. For instance, the top leadership of an organization could perceive effective management as being tied to ethnicity, race, essays on prejudice, or even class. In such a scenario, those who do not belong to the 'proscribed' ethnicity, race, or class could be locked out of future promotions. Prejudiced employees could feel alienated and as a result, their productivity could suffer. To begin with, I…. References Banfield, P. And Kay, R. Introduction to Human Resource Management. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Daft, R. And Vershinina, N. Hampshire: Cengage Learning EMEA.
Masters, A. And Wallace, H. Personal Development for Life and Work. Mason, essays on prejudice, OH: Cengage Learning. Mooney, L. Understanding Social Problems. Toronto, Ontario: Cengage Learning. Prejudice is a bias against a group of people based on actions or actions which one has heard about from other people who are part of that group. The two essential components of prejudice are attitude and behavior, essays on prejudice. It is actually fairly difficult to essays on prejudice these two components, since a person's attitude will inevitably influence that person's behavior. Yet a prejudice evinced by one's attitude directly relates to a shortness of patience with people in the group that such a person is prejudiced against.
Additionally, one's attitude will lead one to make assumptions about the person in the group that one is prejudiced against. Ultimately, however, one's attitude will influence one's behavior towards the person who one does not like because of prejudice. That behavior can become manifest in a number of different ways, from using certain tones of voice to acts of physical violence. The attitude aspect of prejudice…. Prejudice There are several ways that I can combat prejudice in the workplace, essays on prejudice. The first is by not engaging in it myself. This seems almost self-explanatory, but the truth is that we are all human beings and sometimes you have subtle or unconscious biases. Self-awareness is the first step essays on prejudice improving oneself, essays on prejudice.
Further, if I am to have any further influence on others, I should probably be well aware of who I am, and if I have any biases or things like that. You've got to have a little bit of humility in order to be a teacher to others, especially when they are your peers. This is called Level 5 leadership Collins, The second way that I can combat prejudice in the workplace is by taking a leadership role among my peers. This is the essays on prejudice level of combatting prejudice, and it involves insuring that others around me…. References Bruner, B. Leveraging difference makes a competitive difference. Prejudice in organizations.
Collins, J. Level 5 leadership: The triumph of humility and fierce resolve. Harvard Business Review. Prejudice Unlearned Summer is a time of relaxation for students across the country but, essays on prejudice, over those balmy summer months, researchers says that students forget approximately essays on prejudice months worth of information, or twenty-two percent, from the school year "College and University Blog". Though teachers may be disappointed at this statistic, could they be disheartened if they forgot, or "unlearned" other things- talking back? Being aggressive in class? Or perhaps, even prejudice against one another and the community at large?
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Most of them could discriminate between the white and Negro children. The most interesting fact is that at this age level, they did not show any preference, prejudice or hostility. It is, thus, obvious that as children grow, they are exposed to certain experiences and training at home and society. Therefore, they learn to develop prejudices to the children of the outgroup. Horowitz and Horowitz interviewed a few white children in a Southern Community and noted that many children said that they were punished and penalised by their parents and relatives for not dissociating themselves from the Negro children. In India, children of various castes and socioeconomic groups are taught from childhood to maintain distance from children of other groups as decided by the society and social norms.
Actual conflict between the ingroup and outgroup infinitely adds more effectively to the intensification of prejudice. Once a superior group starts a prejudice, scientists, philosophers and politicians come to justify it. Hitler created the prejudice that Germans can rule the world. Thus, prejudice develops in the same way as attitudes and stereotypes grow in the minds of a person due to social influence. Growth of prejudice mostly depends upon the family members, societies, tradition, customs, myths, legends, stories, faiths and beliefs.
It further grows with the growth of social distance because of the development of attitude and prejudices. If the social distance is high, prejudice is more and vice versa. There is always prejudice of the Americans towards the Turkians, Indians towards Americans, though not one American in a thousand knows anything about the Turki. This is because of the historical conflicts between the Mahamadians and the Christianity. A study based on interviews with persons released from a cross section of the American Zone showed that women are significantly more biased against the Jews than men.
Small town people, uneducated people are found to be more prejudiced than those of large cities and educated people. Prejudice is found to be greater among people with low status in society. Many studies indicate high levels of racism among lower class whites who may feel that blacks will take away their jobs. One of the basic reasons behind the development of prejudice is stereotype. The conditions and expectations assigned to members of group simply on the basis of the membership in those groups lead to prejudice. Stereotypes are over simplification of facts which are used to add meaning to certain facts out of a complex social environment.
In the process, the important differences that distinguish one person from another is lost sight of. Today, the pressure is more on social and economic stereotypes in the development of prejudice. Smeelley and Bayton found that beliefs about social class provided more powerful stereotypes than did beliefs about race. Similarly, sex stereotypes lead to sex prejudices. Some emphasise the role of self fulfilling prophecy to the development of prejudice. It means expectations about the possibility of further events or behaviours that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behaviour will occur. If people assume that members of a certain group are lazy, they may act in a way that actually elicits laziness on the part of the members of that group.
Cultural factors play a very important role in the development of prejudice. Sociologists and anthropologists have emphasised the tremendous impact of socio-cultural factors in the growth and development of prejudice and discrimination. Increasing urbanization and population complexity of the society, competition and rivalry among different ethnic groups help in the development of prejudice of one group towards the other. When certain minority or disadvantaged groups are provided with the advantage of reservation in admission to educational institution; in jobs and in various elections to political system, the unreserved category develop prejudice towards these groups. Social factors, such as these would ultimately increase prejudices on the part of the people who feel that they are being denied a resource that is rightfully theirs or they are being debarred from their due which is rightfully theirs.
People also develop prejudice to have self regard and conformity. Many of the beliefs and attitudes occur to satisfy the specific needs of an individual. The environment also contributes a lot to the development of prejudice. When poor and uneducated people remain in small, dirty, clumsy cottages, rich and educated people develop stronger prejudice towards them. The prejudiced person lives in an environment which provides a lot of support for the development of prejudice. Through the operation of the principles of similarity and proximity, certain sociological cues develop which serve as environmental support for the development of prejudice through beliefs and attitudes. Prejudice exists in all, it is an universal phenomena and seems to persist in all societies, though, recorded history from age to age.
The question now arises how so many people develop this particularly towards people belonging to specific social groups and the outgroups. Factors contributing to the growth and development of prejudice have been extensively investigated in India as well as abroad. Studies on prejudice have been made on the sociological, cultural, psychological determinants of prejudice. Socio-economic status usually show a positive correlation with antisemitism. But the relationship between socio-economic status and prejudice against blacks is not significant. The most common finding is that individuals of low socio economic status are most likely to have unfavourable attitudes towards blacks.
On a follow up study-Gilbreth found that Princeton students checked many of the same traits for national groups in that Katz and Barely measured in Hartley has found the same pattern of social distance in that Bogardus had found in The findings that there were more anti Negro prejudice in the South than in the North car be explained interms of differential impact of cultural norm. From three major psychological theories of prejudice, such as frustration, aggression, authoritarian, personality and belief congruence the effect of personality variable on prejudice is obvious. a The support to the frustration-aggression hypothesis of prejudice comes from the studies showing that more prejudiced individuals have greater tendency to displace hostility than unprejudiced individuals.
Furthermore, this psychodynamic approach holds that prejudiced individuals are more susceptible to frustration. The free floating hostility which cannot be expressed directly due to social restrictions is vented at an alternate target. The minority group in many cases becomes the likely scapegoat as it is probably less powerful than the original source which created frustration by blocking the satisfaction of a desire. b A number of studies have also indicated the relevance of personality variables like insecurity, anxiety and intolerance of ambiguity to prejudice. A person who feels secured about his job, position and status in the family or society takes an objective view of the situation that he comes across. But a person with feelings of insecurity tries to find out an individual upon whom he can put the blame of his insecurity.
Allport and Gough a, b, c have reported that persons with high level of insecurity arc likely to show higher level of prejudice. Many investigators, including Rokuch , Siegat , point out that more anxious individuals display higher levels of prejudice than less anxious subjects. Frenkel and Brunswik found that children high in prejudice tended to be intolerant of ambiguity and dichotomous in their thinking about sex roles. Because of the ambiguity of the subject or issue, people perceive them as they are asked to perceive. So, they develop prejudice towards such objects.
Thus, the very perceptual processes create these environmental supports. Ambiguity of physical traits, behaviour traits and as a result the distorting perceptions, has substantial effect on the development of prejudice. Rokeach attempted to explain, prejudice on the basis of individual difference in the ways of organising belief and disbelief system. Persons with high level of prejudice belief and disbelief systems are rigidly organised whereas in other individuals the systems are relatively flexible. According to Freud, man is born with aggressive and destructive tendencies and the desire for war is quite unconscious.
Human beings can live together peacefully only when this innate destructiveness is turned inward. Glover, a psycho pathologist says that unconsciously motivated sadism, machosism may indeed be the essential cause of world tension. Studies by the UNESCO on social tension have been done on a large scale to determine the causes and remedies of social tension. The book Authoritarian Personality suggests that prejudice is a result of a particular set of characters shared by authoritarian personality. Authoritarians displace their hostility towards weak or unconventional groups i. usually towards minority groups. But, further studies also show that people who score low on the authoritarian scale may be very prejudiced.
Personality factors, like rigidity, superstitionsness, intolerance, lack of liberality and dynamicity are responsible for more prejudice. Prejudice on the whole is caused and determined by the interaction of the socio-cultural Factors with the personality traits. Prejudice is caused due to struggle and unhealthy competition over jobs, good school, housing and living facilities, high status in the society, money, social prestige, desire for power and recognition. During competition, they come to perceive each other in various negative ways. They consider each other as enemies, they think their own group as totally right and their opponents as totally wrong. Initially which started as a simple competition gradually grows to strong prejudice.
Several studies have provided evidence to this view. The study of Blake and Mouton on corporate executives and Sherifs several studies in this regard are notable. People usually divide the social group in which they live into two clear categories i. Clearly differentiated contrasting feelings and beliefs are generally marked in the minds of the members of the ingroup towards the outgroup and vice versa. Studies by Hemstone, Locksley, Jaspars , Ortiz and Hepburn Tajfal and Turner support the above facts.
The subjects in the above studies, by and large, indicated more negative attitudes towards members of outgroups and treated them in less favourable ways than members of their own ingroups. What is an ingroup? Persons try to elevate their self esteem by becoming identified with specific social groups. They perceive these groups superior and better than other competing and rival groups. Since, all individuals in a society are subject to this, everyone is bound to develop some prejudice. Thus, prejudice arises out of the clash or conflict of social perception. Prejudice grows due to social learning in the same process, like attitude and stereotypes.
Children acquire negative attitudes and various prejudice towards specific groups, institutions and stimuli as they are exposed to such views by parents, teachers, playmates, friends, and relations or because they are specifically rewarded for adopting them. A negative attitude automatically develops towards those people shown in dirty dress, unclean dialapated cottages, growing in poverty and illiteracy, uttering faulty languages. Recent studies of Liebert-Sparkin and Davidson and Bandura reveal the strong influence of mass media and T.
on the growth of prejudice. The key process of social cognition refers to the fundamental ways in which one thinks about other persons. Among them stereotypes, illusory correlation and the illusion of outgroup homogeneity are noteworthy. For interpreting and processing social information, stereotypes function as a negative schemata and cognitive framework. The negative earlier knowledge and belief of specific social groups strongly affect the way in which one deals with further informations. For example, Dovidio, Evans and Tyler have found that informations relevant to a particular stereotype is accepted and processed more quickly than informations not related to that stereotype. You have heard and believed a particular nation is war minded.
When you get an information supporting this belief you immediately believe and accept this and act upon it within no time. But when you get an information contrary to your already existing stereotype notion, you may not accept it, process it and act upon it. Similarly stereotypes lead a person to pay attention to specific type of information or the input that is consistent with the existing stereotypes. Even we remember those informations and inputs which suit our purpose and are consistent with our stereotypes and forget those which do not tally with it. The rest he prefers to forget. Operation of such negative schemata has got support from the recent studies of Dovidio, Evans and Tyler , Greenberg and Psyzoyaski Illusiory correlations which appear to play some role in the growth of prejudices and stereotypes as found by Spears, Vander Plight and Eiser develop due to the basic tendency to give more attention to unusual and distinctive events.
It refers to perceiving the relationship between factors or variables that actually do not exist and obviously this perception of not existent things cause prejudice. The tendency to perceive all the members of the outgroup as all very much alike and homogenous reflects a fundamental bias in the way we think about other and so prejudice is grown because of this even if there is lot of contact. Park and Rothbart have observed that even males perceive all women having similar qualities and attitudes and females perceive all men having homogenous qualities and attitudes though, these two sex groups always come in intimate contact with each other. These factors explain the causes and determinants of prejudice and also hint as to why prejudice inspite of all efforts persists.
Some psychologists have attempted to trace the causes of prejudice from motivational and personality aspects through the frustration, aggression or scapegoat theory. It is said that those people who experience continuous free floating aggression are likely to develop more prejudice. Accumulated tensions arising out of frustration of various basic and particularly significant needs often find expression in aggressive acts. When this aggression is directed against a group as the target, it turns to prejudice. Miller and Bugelski have demonstrated that the frustration of even relatively unimportant needs like seeing a movie in a theatre lead to racial antipathy.
The history of growing up and being in an adult modern society is a history of constant and continuous frustration. Every human being is subjected to constant frustration from the moment of birth till death and birth itself is said to be the greatest frustration in human life. When people find themselves frustrated in some way, they may turn their hostility towards a socially acceptable substitute i. minority group. Competition between groups and the very fact that members of another group are different, may also cause prejudice. Most social psychologists hold the view that all the racial prejudice can be attributed to the frustration aggression sequence which reflects the motivational causes of all prejudice.
But, since, all frustrations do not lead to aggression and there are other reactions to frustration besides aggression, it is not possible to say that all people who are prejudiced suffer from frustration. Hence, besides, frustration and aggression there are also other causes of prejudice. Racial prejudice is found among the sadists and in persons with free floating aggression. Pathological personality systems like paranoia is found to be related to prejudice. A paranoiac has been described as person who is not capable of understanding other people and who continuously attributes all types of motives to other people. He seeks for people as a target of his aggression. But the reverse is not true. All mentally sick people may not necessarily develop prejudice.
In a particular cultural and social set up, the individual is expected to fulfil certain social obligations. Very often he is forced to obey some social rules and regulations and show culturally approved behaviour. But the person has a lots of antisocial desires to be satisfied. This leads to conflict and clash. In an attempt to solve these conflicts prejudice occurs. Getting money and political eminence are good socially approved needs. But, if the individual uses the socially disapproved ways to satisfy these needs and then rationalises, he projects and attributes his own faults on other groups, classes or castes, leading to the occurrence of prejudice. Prejudice has its roots in the parental and cultural influences of adult life.
Sometimes the culturally disapproved needs particularly which conflict with the moral ideology of the person are repressed. Since, the repressed tensions remain in a dynamic form and always in the verge of coming out, they are reflected in the defence mechanism of projection. Through this mechanism, they attribute uncomplimentary and mallacious characters to a specific group or race. The California study of Frenkel-Brunswik relating the T. T test conducted on the anti-semantic girls indicated meaningless jealousy, repressed hatred and suspicion towards parental figures. These repressed tendencies find out outlet in negative attitudes and antipathy against various racial groups which serve as scope goat.
Prejudice is also caused due to ambiguous and crisis situation. In a crisis situation, the individual frequently may take recourse to beliefs and attitudes of racial prejudice. At this moment, the only available interpretation offered to him by his culture and environment is accepted quickly to meet the crisis situation. There is no time to wait, analyse and reason before accepting the facts. Their ambiguous and vague ideas and beliefs about other countries now in a crisis situation become crystallized and they quickly accept the readymade ideas and suggestions. People also seem to develop prejudice for the sake of self respect, to defend the self and to maintain the individuals identification with the society which is also called conformity. Beliefs and attitudes of racial prejudice frequently stem from emotional experiences and needs.
But they result in guilt feeling, emotional conflicts and aggressive defence reactions etc. Thus, it is said belies and attitudes do something for the person and to the person. Causes of prejudice have also been explained from the psychodynamic point of view by some through repressed hostility, castration anxiety and Oedipus complex. Minor conflicts between small groups is related to national and international tension and prejudice. Parents often transmit their own prejudice to their children. Several Studies indicate that parents are the primary source from which the racial prejudices are learnt.
But Bird and his associates found low correlation between the attitudes of parents and children towards Negroes. Though these studies do not refute the role of parents in the causation of prejudice, they, however, suggest that heavy weightage should not be given to the role of parents in the transmission of prejudice. Different studies indicate that in younger age group less prejudice is observed. Studies also show that young people are relatively more tolerant compared to older people. Before three years prejudice does not enter the minds of children as studies indicate. Waller , Maykovich and Mohanty found that age and education were significantly associated with ethocentrism.
Katz observed that by the age of three or four years children are able to distinguish between blacks and whites and also possess different feelings towards them. Since ages, some occupations are considered appropriate for men than for women and vice versa. Jobs in police, airforce, navy are considered to be in appropriate for women and jobs of teachers, doctors and nurses are said to be appropriate for women. It is a prejudice. Here historical attitude influences this discrimination. Studies indicate that religious background or religion as a causative factor of prejudice do not provide any consistent picture. However, several studies show Catholics to be more prejudiced against negroes, protestants next most prejudiced, jews and people with less religious affiliation are least prejudiced.
Investigators like Hanlan Adorno etal. Conflicting result in this area need further investigation on the relationship between religion and prejudice. Each and every culture has got certain beliefs, attitudes, stereotypes and prejudices regarding other groups. Prejudices are, thus, portions of cultural heritage. Studies reveal that prejudice found in a particular culture is prevalent in the children of that culture. Sociologists and anthropologists say that increasing urbanization, complexity of society, increasing population density and competition for jobs operate in various ways to increase prejudice towards minority groups. Prejudices also occur because of the differences in languages spoken, customs and ways of living like the differences in the ways of living of Hindus and Christians, Hindus and Muslims, whites and blacks, Americans and Jews etc.
Prejudice increases particularly when a group feels that he is threatened by another group. Prejudices, infact, grow as a social norm of a group to which all adjust and share. All these discussions and studies on the determinants and causes of prejudice lead to one basic truth that the underlying factors of prejudice are multidimensional and large number of factors operate in the development of prejudice. In India, research on prejudice is of special significance because of various castes, creeds, communities and religions in Indian society. Prejudice in India, therefore, manifests itself in many forms in relation to religion, caste, language etc. The importance of studies on prejudice in India has been realised specially after when the Hindu Muslim conflict became a matter of grave concern for the sociologists and psychologist.
The range of social distance is very high in Indian societies because of inadequate interpersonal relationship. This is obvious from the Hindu, Muslim conflicts, riots, Christian and nonchristian feeling, lower and higher caste feeling, and the exploitation of the poor class by the rich. Sometimes politically dominant groups continue to dominate on other groups. This creates ill feeling, anger and as a result prejudice in the minds of the disadvantaged and weaker section of the society. Though, large number of studies on prejudice have been conducted in western countries, the findings of such studies are not fully applicable in India. Since, Indian social conditions are completely different from the western conditions the western finding cannot give adequate information about the origin and development of prejudice in India.
In order to get accurate information in this regard, studies on prejudice are to be made in the Indian climate, Indian socio-economic conditions and in the prespective of the uniqueness of the Indian society, Indian and Western societies are different culturally, economically and politically. Hence study on prejudice has to be conducted in the Indian land on the Indian people for the last so many years. After independence, there has been a lot of discussion on national integration which is extremely urgent in the present India because of suspicion, hatred and distrust among the members of the society. To bring out national integration scientific study of prejudice in India should get top most priority. Thus, sociologists and social psychologists have attempted to perceive prejudice and other social tensions as an important area of investigation in India.
In the field of Methodology also, the original Indian attempts and necessary as techniques used to measure Negro. White prejudice or Anti-semitic prejudice cannot be used in the Indian context. In the ICSSR survey of social psychology it has also been pointed out the work of prejudice has not been very extensive and very little work has been done on the genesis and evaluation of stereotypes and prejudices. So, it is high time to start research in this field. Murphy started the scientific study on prejudice in India sponsored by the Govt, of India with the help of the UNESCO. The studies were mainly based on Hindu Muslim relations and intercaste tensions.
Murphy observed that in India, the child rearing practices may be connected with prejudice. Murphy has emphasized on dependence, early freedom from frustration leading to the absence of habits, controlling aggression, lack of opportunities in childhood for group planning and thinking, leading to lack of methods of resolving conflicts between groups in adulthood responsible for development of prejudice. Adinarayan Using Bogardus social distance scale studied the racial and communal attitudes of Hindu-Muslim respondents before and after independence. Results indicated that the attitude of the Hindus towards the Muslims have undergone tremendous change for the worse after the creation of Pakistan.
Little significant difference was found between the social and communal attitudes of men and women in India. Khan found that people belonging to different groups have unfavourable attitude towards each other. According to Ansari group prejudice between Hindus and Muslims have been very strong and widespread to distort intergroup perception, judgement and evaluation of the qualities. Singh a noted that the Indian students in Britain rated the English higher than Indian in public role. On the other hand, the Indians were rated higher in private roles.
Dutta conducted a study to measure attitude of University students towards religion and found that females were more religious than males. Hites examined the effect of age, and education on religious attitude and found that older people were more religious than the younger ones. Further, the more educated people were less religious than the less educated people. Panchabhra collected data from Adivasi undergraduates belonging to Santhal, Oraon and Munda tribes of Chotta Nagpur, Bihar. He found that compared to Christian subjects, the non- christians attributed more unfavourable and less favourable adjectives to Indian Christians. Chatterjee attempted to explore the existence of communal, caste and sex prejudices and also the socio-psychological correlates among female college students of high and low caste.
Findings indicated that while the urban students had higher religious and gender prejudices, the rural students had more religious information than the other groups. There was a significant positive correlation among these prejudices and religiousity, authoritarianism and anxiety, but these were negatively related to religious information. Singh found that the prejudiced school children compared to the unprejudiced ones had very little correct information about other religions and the unprejudiced children had more correct information not only about their own religion, but also about other religions. Hasan and Singh found that the personality variables had higher correlations with prejudice than sociological variables. Results indicated anxiety to be the most powerful correlate of prejudice.
Kupuswamy , Rath and Das , Rath and Sircar have made some studies on caste prejudice. What matters is the further process of socialization when you become a member of a bigger group that consists of people with various ethnic, social, religious, and other backgrounds. Seeing the difference every day, you start thinking differently than when you were a part of your small social group — family. At least, it was like that for me. When I was in a family, I was completely unbiased because I always saw people who had similar backgrounds. When watching TV, I rarely thought that programs and commercials portray differences between people with different backgrounds; I just enjoyed the process. However, when I became a part of a larger group, I started noticing that I like people who are similar to my family members more than others who differ from me in some ways.
Since then, I remarked that media also plays a role in this process showing differences between men and women, stressing on racial and class segregation. That said, what I believe is the source of bias is the subconscious desire to be involved with the members of your group that becomes stronger when you see that it is highlighted on television that aims at shaping particular attitudes to the member outside the group. Prejudice and discrimination are just one side of the process of socialization. Another side of it is acknowledging that they exist and influence other people, trying to understand what makes you biased and what are the prejudices you have.
What I can say about myself is that being in a group while studying the nature of bias and discrimination was a useful experience. It helped me become somewhat less biased because I saw people with different backgrounds gathered in one group. In fact, I realized that we all are similar because we all have some prejudices and feel uncomfortable when sharing our feelings and thoughts. I believe that the outcomes of the course might have been different if I were not to share my feelings with the group or completed the assignment on my own because constant interactions with different people helped me reduce the prejudices, and sometime later the feeling of discomfort vanished, as I realized that I can trust these people and bias cannot be justified. Need a custom Essay sample written from scratch by professional specifically for you?
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